追逐珊瑚

跟雾霾相比，珊瑚离着人们城市生活太远了，远的都不足以被引起讨论。反正也看不见嘛。

然而珊瑚也在影响着天气变化，气候变迁，氧气含量。珊瑚礁还是人类吃的海鲜的生命来源，是五亿多人的食物和收入。我们的文化，生活方式，经济都依赖于健康的珊瑚。

珊瑚礁产生的防浪堤比人类建造出来的防浪堤更能保卫我们免受海啸的侵袭。

你感受到的全球变暖，温度升高，已经是海洋吸收掉了93%的温度之后的感觉了，不然猜猜现在地表温度是多少？人类体温升高两度时间长了都是危及生命了，那珊瑚呢？

过去的30年间，这个星球已经死了50%的珊瑚。还有许多未知的，能为人类社会带来无穷福利的东西，还未被发现或许就已经消亡了。

如果放任全球持续变暖，我们将会失去这整个生态系统，如果我们现在连珊瑚都救不了，那么以后受到威胁的是森林呢？是氧气呢？或者是人类自己呢？

虽然人类是目前时代地球的霸主，但地球上的生物不止人类一种。

ps，我管不了别人，当下我能做的就是减少碳排，购物不使用塑料袋，往少算，就算我一个礼拜买东西会用3塑料袋，一年不也是省下了156个塑料袋吗？

下次潜水我不再纠结看什么种类的鱼了，我要将我所见范围的珊瑚力所能及的尽收眼底。还有一滴防晒霜能杀死一片珊瑚，再防水泡海里也会掉，真的怕晒伤就少泡一会好吗？让我们的孩子亲眼去看看珊瑚的瑰丽吧，不然可能25年后珊瑚就真的灭绝了。

这些是印度尼西亚，巴厘岛，图蓝本的珊瑚，再去的话他们可能就不是这个样子了。

老咪：“不想看了，感受到人类的无力感。” 珊：“看看有什么能做的事情。” 老咪：“即使是这样，对死去的珊瑚，也无济于事。” 珊：“正是这样，才需要看自己能做些什么，阻止现在还活着的美丽的珊瑚死去，不是吗？逝去的无法挽回，至少能够做为仍坚强的活着的它们做点什么。”

——对话 暂缓全球变暖，选择绿色低碳的生活方式是我们必须对珊瑚的保护作出的承诺。 “是我的眼不见为净让珊瑚无声死去。” 我要看见，看见自己行为的后果。少污染，少浪费资源，支持绿色清洁能源，减少私家车出现，增加公共交通习惯。去海边特别是潜水的时候，不涂防晒霜，而是用一些物理防晒如衣服眼镜等等。了解、在乎、减少每天扔入下水道的东西。用天然或者无害的一些洗漱用品。 就个人而言，我们可以采取的行动有： - 如果要下水的话不要涂对珊瑚有害的防晒霜，可以用reef-safe的防晒霜； - 潜水时不要触摸珊瑚，不要买珊瑚做的饰品； - 少吃海鲜（尤其是虾），减少渔业对海洋的破坏； - 最后还是尽量减少自己的碳足迹，尽量不使用一次性塑料用品，参加海滩清洁活动，支持保护珊瑚的NGO吧！！

——Gozerowaste云影院

Education is a key tool for development and progress of human society. With the rapid progress of our society, technologies and social systems have developed as well. Education, as the most important part of human development, should live up to the requirements of present development. To this end, the requirements of present development need to be first stated briefly. After a science and technology boost in the 20th century, increasing industrial activities resulted in serious environmental problems. To combat these problems, sustainable development was introduced, which is the requirement of present development. It should be noted that the concept of sustainable development is evolving incessantly. Today, not only the environment but also other issues such as poverty and equality are included in the concept of sustainable development [1]. Therefore, for equipping people with skills and thinking of sustainable development, the new and adjusted education for sustainable development, Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) was proposed by UN and gain a lot of importance. United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD) and Global Action Program on Education for Sustainable Development were carried out to accelerate the progress of ESD. In these two actions, the content of ESD was enriched with many detailed goals and feasible approaches. Under the guidance of the two actions, driven by intrinsic need of sustainability, many countries have developed their own framework of education for sustainable development. Different technologies and advanced concepts of education are applied to impart the knowledge of sustainable development to students and strengthen their skills, critical thinking and systemic thinking regarding sustainable development. With the work done by governments and UN, great progress has been made of ESD [2,3 4].

As narrated above, great work has been done with ESD, including complement of the content of education, specific goals and applying new technologies. However, one element dose not get enough attention and that is the motivation of people who receive the education for sustainable development. With motivation, people would set their goals and pursue their goals with strong impetus. From a perspective of educational psychology, generating learning motivation is indispensable and it has high priority in practical education [5]. With high internal motivation of educatees, remarkable outcomes of education could be attained. The creativity and cognitive flexibility of educatees would be greatly improved [6] and these two traits are exactly required by ESD.

Integrating documentary into ESD as a potential creative approach to make up for the deficiency mentioned above is proposed in this essay. One example of documentary and some other advantages of documentary for ESD are discussed. Extending from the documentary that includes engineers and scientists, the role of them and industry in documentary and ESD is also discussed.

Documentaries as a form of video could contain text, graphics, animation and sound, all of which are the elements of multimedia. Multimedia teaching has been proved to be a very effective way of teaching. It helps stimulate students' interest and make students more active in class [7]. Therefore, documentary as one method of multimedia teaching is also able to have the same advantages mentioned before. But further properties should be discussed. Documentaries are not the videos that are usually seen on the class using animation to expound complex theories, but it is also a form of art and commercial products to tell the truth. As commercial products, it has very large audience. Everyone can see it in the cinemas, which means everyone can be the educatees. Documentary tells audience what happens in the real world in an artistic way. Most documentaries would not try to exaggerate the facts to attract people. Instead, different art technics are used to help give more powerful expressions combining with esthetic shots and matched background music, documentary is able to impress audience profoundly. In this way, people are more likely to recognize the facts and reflect more after the documentary [8].

Because of the diversity of documentary, many issues can be displayed and discussed in documentaries. All types of issues relevant to sustainable development are covered in documentaries that have been produced. For example, these three very recent documentaries, “Ruth Bader Ginsburg”, “Chasing Coral” and “Of Fathers and Sons” respectively correspond to equality, environment and education. They provide unique and profound perspectives that audience would not expect, but they are all based on facts and do reveal the issues of sustainability that should get more public attention. More discussion of “Chasing Coral” as an example would be conducted to show some good characteristics which enable this documentary fit into ESD.

Chasing Coral as a documentary records the rapidly bleaching and dying coral due to the rising temperature of ocean, see figure 1. This figure shows rising temperature clearly. When it comes to global warming, much attention is paid to the melting glaciers and rising sea levels. It is a rare and potent angle of looking into global warming. Coral form colorful sea worlds. As the famous Great Barrier Reef , It is very beautiful. However, few people know that it is being killed by global warming. Disappearance of such beautiful thing and novel perspective are able to strongly impress people.

Figure 1. Sea surface temperature anomaly

Global warming is still having an impact where we cannot see it and this is coral. In the documentary, scientists and engineers from various disciplines were invited to give analysis and prediction of coral spreading all over the world according to ocean currents and ocean water temperature warming. Some prediction is given by text, see figure 2. In this way, the predicted results could be impressing.

Figure 2. Prediction from scientists and engineers

Coral is very sensitive to the temperature rising, which would result in a great threaten on the living of coral. The famous Great Barrier Reef will probably have more extensive coral bleaching over the next few years and then die. Currently, 29% of the Coral Great Barrier Reef has died. What is more, coral is a fundamental part of a huge ecosystem and it is, in a way, just like the trees in a forest. Therefore, with coral disappearing, all other animals are also disappearing little by little in our marine ecosystems. Many contrasts are given in this documentary leaving very deep impression to audience.

Figure 3. Contrast of living and dead coral

Figure 4. Contrast of living and dead coral

In summary, in this documentary, starting from a rare perspective of dying coral, combing with scientific research process, showing scientific and rigorous graphics, texts and data, with beautiful sights into the coral, this documentary touches the audience and the audience feels encouraged to think about what they can do about this issues of the dying coral.

The role of scientists and engineers was emphasized in the documentary, see figure 5. They provide rigorous scientific evidence to support the facts and help explain the complex ecological processes in an acceptable way by the public. The participation of these people helps publics understand this documentary better.

Figure 5. Some scientists and engineers involved

Engineers also solve some technical problems, for example, setting a camera in the sea water to help shooting of this documentary.

Figure 6. A camera in the sea water

For this kind of documentary, the target group is not only students but all of society. As one type of commercial movie, it has been shown in the cinemas. Even in some undeveloped regions, open-air cinemas of low cost could be applied to play documentaries to realize this kind of public education. Combined with commercial activities, the film could be advertised widely to the public. Therefore, documentary could reach a large variety of people. Promoting sustainable development widely is exactly desired by ESD. Everyone could contribute to the sustainability of development, if they aware of the issues and motivated to be involved.

However, in a very long term, the youth are the people who can make a difference. They are motivated by the situation that should be changed and then build up their great ideals. They are receiving more advanced education for sustainable development. In the future, they are able to do some great work that makes great differences for sustainability. This is also emphasized in this documentary by the text as following.

Figure 7&8. Young generation is emphasized

Enlightened by this documentary and one example in the following discussion, some suggestions about how scientists, engineers and industry should be involved in ESD are proposed.

As mentioned in section 2.3, the scientists and engineers are involved in making this documentary. This is one example how they can promote ESD. Moreover, in this documentary, they brought their research results to the publics by speeches or other public activities. Especially after they retire from the academic or industrial positions, they have more time and could be involved in more educational public activities. The career of Dr. Jan Goodall is a very good example. After spending 38 years on researching on chimpanzees in the wildlife, she traveled around the world, calling on people to protect wild animals and the earth's environment [9].

Scientists and engineers are the people who work at the forefront of sustainable development. They understand clearly what terrible things are happening. Precious experience and knowledge are built up on their minds. They do have ability to make publics aware of the sustainable issues and encourage them to get involved in sustainable development.

Engineers from industry represent the industry. Industry should participate in some educational public activities as well, such as making this kind of documentary mentioned before. However, if some documentaries tell the false information because of interest, scientists and engineers should stand out to against them. Industry should input sustainable ideas into their products by producing sustainable products in a sustainable way and tell customers how their products are sustainable. With their product sold to publics, by advertising their sustainable producing processes, the sustainable ideas could be prompted.

Documentary can be integrated in ESD. Not only in the classroom teaching, but it also can be widely shown in cinemas. It can make people aware of this issue and give people internal motivation to get themselves involved in this global issue of sustainable development. The young generation should be the main targets of those educational documentaries and also ESD. Because they will be equipped by advanced education to make a difference in the future. Scientists, engineers and industry can participate in different public educational activities for sustainable development. Scientists and engineers can still make huge contributions after they retire by getting involved in more educational activities for sustainable development, if they are willing and energetic enough.

Reference

1. United Nations. “The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018.” (2018).

2. UNESCO. “Education for Sustainable Development Goals.” (2017).

3. Uspartnership.org., U.S. Partnership. URL: //uspartnership.org/

4. Dieter Appelt., et al. “Global Development Education: A Cross-Curricular Framework in the Context of Education for Sustainable Development.” (2017).

5. Slavin, Robert E., and Nicola Davis. "Educational psychology: Theory and practice." (2006).

6. Deci, Edward L., et al. "Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective." Educational psychologist 26.3-4 (1991): 325-346.

7. Joshi, Ashvini. "Multimedia: A Technique in teaching process in the classrooms." Current world environment 7.1 (2012): 33-36.

8. Nichols, Bill. Introduction to documentary. Indiana University Press, 2017.

9. Peterson, Dale. Jane Goodall: The woman who redefined man. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014.

镜头主要聚焦在科研过程，主旨在呼吁环保，我本来是想看个轻松养眼的记录片来着，结果还碰上个这话题。

中国的95后是国内第一代接受环保教育长大的人，幼儿园的时候国家还没开始宣传，一上小学刚认字就突然开始接触这个概念，尤其北方长大的，这多年环境问题和环境工作肯定没少接触。近十多年中国政府在环保方面做的工作是黑不动的，甚至我时常怀疑国家在这方面的工作是否发力过猛，优先级是否应该在一些更迫切待解决的社会问题后面。但即使这样，国际上还是在宣传中国对环境的破坏，前阵子甚至有中国人该少吃肉以此保护环境的观点。欧洲在很认真地做环保工作，美国就纯属把环保概念当政治工具了，一堆妖魔化的环保组织，其中不少都有做样子洗钱的嫌疑。每次拍纪录片的时候就推出来一些真诚且专业的人到台前，完了还是以赚钱为准。

死拽着过去三四十年中国吃了两碗饭，欧美只吃了一碗，只言不提欧美过去一百五十年吃了上百碗而中国只吃了半碗的事实。对于碳排放的承诺，按计划阶段性完成承诺的目前只有中国和几个体量很小的国家。世界上唯二实现碳零排放的国家是不丹和苏里南，其中不丹森林覆盖率72％，全国GDP只有20亿美元，苏里南情况也差不多，稍有规模的现代化国家根本无从效仿。

美国一边宣传环保理念，一边家用汽车排量越做越大，电车销量在美国也很惨淡。欧洲人倒是来真的，环保工作推进得很是可观，前阵子看到的数据，特别是北欧几个国家，电车占比都过半了，虽然和咱们不是一个量级，但也称得上了不起了。

习以为常的开着空调、吃一根冰棍儿来启动舒爽的夏日模式。而这个时候，南太平洋的一片垂死珊瑚礁正在努力的发着耀眼的荧光色，保护自己不被温热的海水扼杀掉，事实是，在它们死亡之前，这个问题并不会被立刻解决。从斐济回国已有3个月，偶然看到电影《chasing choral》（追逐珊瑚），泪目。

这是我们向往的斐济，目前还存活着的珊瑚。

图片来自网络

这是我看到的珊瑚，拍摄于2018年3月，无任何修图。

在斐济，我见到了不健康珊瑚，大量的珊瑚白化甚至死亡，死去的珊瑚剩下骨骼和腐肉挂满了裹尸体般的藻类，浑浊的海水里没有多少鱼，周遭一片混沌，残骸浮浮沉沉在融化，是诡异的沉寂感。震惊、愤怒、悲伤、感觉被欺骗，更讨厌自己的后知后觉。

旅行好像是一种选择，选择去寻找美、看见美，以及，褒扬美、夸张美。浮潜殿堂、顶级海洋体验是斐济如雷贯耳的标签，这一切都让眼前的“不美”变成了超现实的存在。

不小心踩断两三颗珊瑚，厚厚的防晒乳在海水里化开，畅游一翻再买一堆珊瑚工艺品... ... 比起这些总会有更好的事情可以去做，只是我们还不知道。

想到最近读到的母亲写给儿子的话“ 我目送你进藤校的时候，我希望你将来有更好的生活，最后却变成，你想要更好的世界。是我没跟上你的成长。“ 最后，男孩子执意去了霍乱疫情暴发的西非做义工。目前的我，大概还没有这男孩子的勇气，但是，能做到的小事，哪怕是一点点，也会宽慰到今天的自己，影响到未来的世界吧。

作为渺小的人类一直被大自然的壮美所征服. 然后会被人类毫无节制的破坏力所震撼. 供养了海洋四分之一生物的珊瑚在以肉眼可见的速度白化. 从80年代第一次白化高峰到现在全球约有35%的珊瑚已经死亡. 纪录片到后面. 看着世界各地的白化严重程度. 给人的感觉就像海洋版电影<Contagion>活生生地上演. 海水升高2度就足以杀死斑斓绚丽的珊瑚. 试想一下要有多少CO2的排放才足以让这盆覆盖了地球面积71%的水升高这2度. 如果没有这片汪洋一直以来吸收大部分来自人类排放的热量. 如今的地表温度可能高达50°. 就算你没有亲眼目睹Great Barrier Reef至少也听说过她的美. 而这片34万平方公里的世界奇迹在以肉眼可见的速度死亡. 总觉得环境恶化全球变暖什么的好像不是我们这代人的事. 而以目前的速度发展下去20年后这片绚烂就会死亡殆尽. 这种速度难道不会让你觉得不寒而栗吗?